In addition, our previous work on ELM using TOA as carrier has recorded more than 98% of efficiency. In case of metal removal from aqueous media, ELM was reported to be successfully used in extracting numerous types of heavy metal ions for instance, Cr(VI), Cu(II) and Co(II). However, Emulsion Liquid Membrane (ELM) which was invented by Li has shown a promising potential in the field of separation. Tremendous efforts have been carried out in minimizing the concentration of heavy metal in aqueous media using various physico-chemical treatment. Study conducted by Kadaruddin discovered that as much as 53 rivers in Malaysia’s river system were badly contaminated with cadmium from various sources, mainly manufacturing. Due to its high solubility, cadmium can be easily absorbed by living organisms and it can easily enters our food chain. As for cadmium, it is a toxic metal occurring naturally in the environment and it is considered as a pollutant emanating primarily from industrial and agricultural sources. Apart from its ability to harm the ecosystem, extensive study carried out by World Health Organization (WHO) has revealed that exposure to these metals will eventually cause deleterious health effects in humans though some of them are nutritionally essential for a healthy life, but in a very small quantity. Among the most common heavy metal found in polluted water includes arsenic, copper, cadmium, lead, chromium, nickel, mercury and zinc. In the year 2013 alone, Department of Environment Malaysia reported that a total of 103,994.37 metric tonnes of industrial waste containing heavy metals were generated from various industries in this country. reported on the dramatic increasing trend of heavy metal emission since the onset of industrial revolution. One of them is the emission of heavy metal with a great potential to pollute the environment. Introduction Rapid industrialization which begun in 1960s has raised many critical issues regarding environmental pollution. 98.6% of Cd(II) ions were successfully removed from the external aqueous phase at this condition.ġ. The best performance of ELM in extracting Cd(II) ions was recorded at speed of 300 rpm for 15 min. The influence of stirring speed and extraction time on the solute removal efficiency was observed. The W/O emulsion was prepared using 0.1M NaOH as the internal phase while the membrane phase consist of 3 wt% Span 80 and Aliquat 336, dissolved in corn oil. The analysis showed that Aliquat 336 is highly selective towards Cd(II) as it able to remove almost all Cd(II) ions from the aqueous solution while Span 80 has assisted in the formation of a stable emulsion. It is learned that corn oil showed a promising results to be incorporated in ELM to dissolve Span 80 and Aliquat 336 as surfactant and carrier in the membrane phase, respectively. A compatibility study was conducted to investigate its feasibility to be used as diluent in ELM. Vegetable oil tested in this study are sunflower, corn and palm oil. The Tyndall effect allows sunlight to be seen as it passes through a fine mist.In this work, the potentialities of vegetable oil to be incorporated as diluent in Emulsion Liquid Membrane (ELM) formulation was explored. When it passes through a diluted milk solution, the light is scattered by colloidal particles, an observation of the Tyndall effect. \): Light passes through a colorless solution and is not scattered.
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These adjustments included placing the "R" key in the place previously allotted to the period key. The keyboard layout was finalized within a few months by Remington's mechanics and was ultimately presented: : 161–174 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 - ,Īfter they purchased the device, Remington made several adjustments, creating a keyboard with essentially the modern QWERTY layout. In 1873 Sholes's backer, James Densmore, successfully sold the manufacturing rights for the Sholes & Glidden Type-Writer to E. : 12–20 In April 1870 he arrived at a four-row, upper case keyboard approaching the modern QWERTY standard, moving six vowel letters, A, E, I, O, U, and Y, to the upper row as follows: : 24–25 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9. In November 1868 he changed the arrangement of the latter half of the alphabet, N to Z, right-to-left. : 170 Others suggest instead that the letter groupings evolved from telegraph operators' feedback. The study of bigram (letter-pair) frequency by educator Amos Densmore, brother of the financial backer James Densmore, is believed to have influenced the array of letters, but the contribution was later called into question. Sholes struggled for the next five years to perfect his invention, making many trial-and-error rearrangements of the original machine's alphabetical key arrangement. The first model constructed by Sholes used a piano-like keyboard with two rows of characters arranged alphabetically as shown below: - 3 5 7 9 N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z In October 1867, Sholes filed a patent application for his early writing machine he developed with the assistance of his friends Carlos Glidden and Samuel W. The QWERTY layout was devised and created in the early 1870s by Christopher Latham Sholes, a newspaper editor and printer who lived in Kenosha, Wisconsin. Keys are arranged on diagonal columns to give space for the levers. Still, you could stare at Tyris's bikini body.Ĭritic reviews added by Big John WV, Riemann80, Arejarn, Cantillon, Alsy, Tim Janssen, lights out party, CalaisianMindthief, jumpropeman. HD 250Gb Xbox 360 Slim 20,00 - Stormrise 3,00 - Pure + Lego Batman Bundle copy (no. The game was released in North America on Octoand in Europe on October 17. Secret Level, which worked on the PlayStation 2 and Xbox version of Final Fight: Streetwise, among other projects. Previews Golden Axe: Beast Rider By Gabe Graziani Instead of a variety of weapon-wielding warriors you get only one, but you also get a bunch of new mounts to ride. Well, I feel bad for SEGA and hopefully, maybe there is a second chance to bring back the Golden Axe universe. Golden Axe: Beast Rider is an installment of the Golden Axe series for the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 developed by Sega's acquired game developer. The original Golden Axe could easily be considered a seminal arcade classic, so the numerous ports to console over the years are understandable. The economy is rough sometimes and layoffs are really depressing when it comes to bad sales and no marketing advertisers. Anarchy Reigns is an action beat em up developed by PlatinumGames for the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 and released in 2012. But if they have Beast Rider and you played it and thrusting your fingers handling a few problems with the game, maybe you could sell it on Ebay and leave a feedback to the seller saying "I Want My Money Back, You Jerk!".Īfter the departure of the now-defunct developer Secret Circle, what will Sega do to the series? Things aren't looking too good for the company that Sonic built. Qui plus est, le jeu ne permet pas de choisir le personnage que. If they want to stick with the old Golden Axe's 1 and 2, that's fine. Golden Axe: Beast Rider for Xbox 360 game reviews & Metacritic score: Golden Axe: Beast Rider delivers action-RPG thrills as a small band of Riders embark on an epic adventure to recruit allies, expose the enemy and prevent the an. Golden Axe Beast Rider est un jeu solo, et ce seul constat sonne aux oreilles des vieux croûtons nostalgiques comme une trahison. With poor gameplay, a sloppy story campaign, and a strange combat system, I don't think Sega is not ready for a sequel or a reboot. I wonder if in the future, Golden Axe could still be an M-rated title since Beast Rider was the first. When Golden Axe: Beast Rider was released in '08, I thought this was going to be a bigger comeback to the series, but since I read the negative reviews I was like saying "OUCH! Maybe it's too little too late for a reboot." The good news is that Tyris Flare is smokin' hot in that Conan-like style outfit. Golden Axe: Beast Rider Xbox 360 Home Guides Q&A Cheats Saves Reviews Media Board Ask A Question Game Trailer Description Golden Axe delivers action-RPG thrills as a small band of Riders. But it's still one of the best consoles since the Genesis. I know it's hard to be a fan of the Golden Axe Sega Mega Drive era, but Golden Axe hasn't been in a next-gen console since the Saturn pulled its legs and continues to beat Sony and Nintendo, but it wasn't enough. If you have an urgent question, please indicate the urgency in the subject line of your note and we will do our best to answer your question as soon as possible. We will respond to you as quickly as possible, normally within 24 hours. and are committed to providing the best customer support to our members. I sent an e-mail to a seller but did not receive a response. This will also notify the seller that you will pick up the item rather which will negate any shipping costs. This will create an order for the item without a shipping charge other than the handling fee which is set for the item by the seller. To create a pick up order and obtain pick up hours and location information for an item, sign in to your My shopgoodwill page, go to the Open Orders section, click on the Pay for This Item link next to the item, select a payment method, and then select Pick Item Up as the shipping option for the item. You must be logged into your account to access the seller e-mail links. Seller e-mail links can be found on every item description page on and. Please check the item listing page carefully for pick up information and restrictions, and please contact the seller directly before bidding to confirm and to make arrangements for pick up. Most sellers allow items to be picked up from their location. May I pick up my item from the seller’s location to save on shipping costs? Please read item descriptions carefully for combining shipment restrictions. Due to the fragile nature, size, and/or weight of some merchandise, the seller may not offer combined shipping. Please note that there is a 20-pound weight limit for combined orders. If you have won an item and expect to win another from the same seller and wish to combine all items, you must postpone payment until you have won the second item (third, fourth item, etc.) but not exceed seven (7) days from auction close. Once the method of payment has been selected for an item, it cannot be combined with another item won at a later date. You must pay for items to be combined at the same time. Check the items you want to combine and the system will create one order. When you click on Pay for This Item, all items that are eligible for combined shipping will be listed. Items may be combined for shipping only if they are from the same Goodwill seller and close within seven (7) days of one other. If you believe we are not acting in accordance with this policy, please let us know by calling our customer service line at (800) 562-8724.Why can’t I combine some items for shipping? Employees and volunteers are not permitted to shop at the store in which they work nor are they allowed to set aside merchandise for others. Therefore, it is only fair that our customers have equal opportunity to purchase any item for sale here. Goodwill stores sell items that have been donated by people in the local community. Peruse for that designer purse, scout out a vintage necklace, or add to your Lego collection – whatever your thrifting tastes, Goodwill shopping is at your fingertips. Treasure hunt from the comfort of your home at. That support stays directly in your community – funding services that provide hope, opportunity, and jobs for more than 26,000 people in northwest North Carolina each year. You can feel good about shopping at Goodwill – for every dollar you spend in a Goodwill store, 87 cents goes to support our mission and sustainability. When you shop at Goodwill, you’re not only getting a good deal – you’re also funding employment and training programs that help people in your community find good jobs. Shop Goodwill for great bargains on clothing, shoes, books, electronics, home décor, furniture and more! Inventory changes daily (even hourly!) in every store, so there is always a new selection of merchandise. Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile Sample Output : Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks Now install Aria2 package from the enabled EPEL repository under your system using YUM command tool. ( Note: Fedora users don’t need to add any repository, simply install aria2 using dnf command as shown). On RHEL/CentOS/Fedoraįirst, you need to download and enable the EPEL repository under RHEL/CentOS systems. This article explains how to install Aria2 command-line download utility in RHEL, CentOS, Fedora and Debian, Ubuntu, Linux Mint systems with some useful download techniques and usage. Installing Aria2 Command-Line Download Manager in Linx Please note, we should not consider aria2 is a replacement of wget, curl or torrent clients, but rather considered as an alternative with more support and download options. The supported interfaces are JSON-RPC (over HTTP and WebSocket) and XML-RPC.
In temporary construction areas, workers may place an orange version of this sign to indicate a no-passing zone. This sign has a yellow background with black lettering and a black outline along the edge. No Passing Zone signs are triangular, with the tip of the triangle facing right rather than up. Even if the driver doesn’t see any of these hazards, it’s still dangerous and unlawful to do so. However, sometimes unseen dangers can make passing hazardous and potentially deadly.Ī No Passing Zone sign warns drivers that these dangers are present, so they should avoid passing. Slow to posted speed.Typically, on two-lane highways, cars can pass one another when there is no oncoming traffic. Watch for children.Īs you approach this sign, slow down, watch for children crossing the road. This five-sided sign means you are near a school. See pages 58-60 for typical warning signs. Words or symbols on the sign will show why you need to use caution. These signs warn you of special conditions or dangers ahead. This sign is placed on the left side of the road, facing the driver. Yield signs are usually placed where auxiliary roads lead into major roads. If the way is clear, you may move forward slowly without stopping. Slow down and give vehicles crossing your path the right-of-way. If two vehicles reach the intersection at the same time, the driver on the left yields to the driver on the right. The first vehicle to reach the intersection should move forward first. Traffic from all four directions must stop. If there is no crosswalk, stop at a point nearest the intersecting roadway where you have a clear view of approaching traffic on the intersecting roadway before entering the intersection.Ī 4-Way Stop sign means that there are four stop signs at this intersection. If there is no marked stop line, stop before entering the crosswalk on the near side of the intersection. A stop sign means that you must bring your vehicle to a complete halt at the marked stop line. Stop Signs are always octagonal (8 sided). Pentagon: School advance and school crossing signs. Vertical Rectangle: Generally for regulatory signs. Pennant: Advance warning of no passing zones.ĭiamond: Exclusively to warn of existing or possible hazards on roadways or adjacent areas. Horizontal Rectangle: Generally for guide signs. The shape of a road sign can tell you as much about the sign's message as its color. BROWN: Public recreation areas and scenic guidance.ORANGE: Construction and maintenance warning.Also used to identify parking spaces for disabled drivers. Each shape and each color has an exact meaning, so you must acquaint yourself with all of them. There are eight shapes and eight colors of traffic signs. 4 Traffic Signs – Standard Shapes and Colors You may drive in lanes beneath the green arrow, but you must also obey all other signs and signals.įlorida Drivers Handbook - Traffic SignalsĬh. A yellow X means that your lane signal is going to change to red. You must never drive in a lane under a red X. To show which lanes are opened or closed.To show that a toll booth is open or closed.When the direction of the flow of traffic changes during the day.It is used at, or just before, dangerous intersections, or to alert you to a warning sign such as a school crossing or sharp curve. It is used at dangerous intersections.Ī flashing yellow light means you may move forward with caution. If the red light is burning at the same time, you must be in the proper lane for such a turn and you must yield the right-of-way to vehicles and pedestrians within the intersection.Ī flashing red light means the same thing as a stop sign. The yellow arrow means the same as the yellow light, but applies only to movement in the direction of the arrow.Ī green arrow, pointing right or left, means you may make a turn in the direction of the arrow. Left turns on a red light from a one-way street into a one-way street are also allowed. Some intersections display a "NO TURN ON RED" sign, which you must obey. After stopping, you may turn right on a red arrow at most intersections if the way is clear. Red light traffic law Come to a complete stop at the marked stop line or before moving into the crosswalk or intersection. Elizabeth first got interested in space after watching the movie Apollo 13 in 1996, and still wants to be an astronaut someday. Elizabeth is also a post-secondary instructor in communications and science at several institutions since 2015 her experience includes developing and teaching an astronomy course at Canada's Algonquin College (with Indigenous content as well) to more than 1,000 students since 2020. in Space Studies from the University of North Dakota, a Bachelor of Journalism from Canada's Carleton University and a Bachelor of History from Canada's Athabasca University. If you come across any issues, our troubleshooting guide will help you out. Her latest book, " Why Am I Taller?", is co-written with astronaut Dave Williams. All you need to do is download the client, create a free account and enter the magical world of Star Trek. You can even control settings on our website with it. It provides you with tools to Manage Screenshots, Manage Fleet Rosters and Parse combat logs. Elizabeth's reporting includes multiple exclusives with the White House and Office of the Vice-President of the United States, an exclusive conversation with aspiring space tourist (and NSYNC bassist) Lance Bass, speaking several times with the International Space Station, witnessing five human spaceflight launches on two continents, working inside a spacesuit, and participating in a simulated Mars mission. Our desktop client sits in your system tray (the area by your clock in your taskbar) while you play Star Trek Online. She was contributing writer for for 10 years before joining full-time. Elizabeth Howell (she/her), Ph.D., is a staff writer in the spaceflight channel since 2022 covering diversity, education and gaming as well. Please feel free to contact us by submitting a ticket in our Support Center. We will offer 100% refund only of products which are defected, or sent by mistake. Then the rest of the money will be refunded to you after we get the package back. If the package is subsequently returned to us, you will be responsible for the return shipping charges and the transaction fee of the total product purchase. You should contact your local customs office for further information because custom policies are different from country to country. When ordering from our site, you are considered the importer and must responsible for the import tax or any additional charges. PokemonKingdom has no control over import charges and does not have responsibility for the package meeting local customs taxes. WorldPay accepts Visa, MasterCard, Visa Debit and MasterMoney. Stripe accepts payments by ApplePay and credit cards (including VISA, MASTER, DISCOVER, AMEX, JCB, and DINER Club). We accept payments from Paypal,Worldpay and Stripe. Our plush tailor will start making the plush for you within 2 days after receiving your payment, it's impossible to cancel an order. Complicated plush toy need more than 30 days.If you need it in a specific date, please make sure you have enough time for preparing. Very suitable for gift to lover or friends.Once you make an order, it will take 20-30 working days to customize your plush toy by professional plush tailor. Normal Attack (NA) Consists of up to 3 different strikes that deal Electro damage in front of her. It is also a good choice when you choose a gift. Yae Miko’s Normal, Charged and Plunge Attack talent. Official Genshin Impact MerchYae Miko Fox Dango Plush. Gift The soft plush toy can not only be used indoors like bedroom, living room, office, for anime lovers and fans, it will be your best collection, it will always be with you. Official Genshin Impact MerchDango Plush Toy Chibi Character Stuffed Animal Gift Genshin.A fun toy for reading, watching TV, studying, sleeping, etc. Occasions: this plush toy is in good size, and it can be used as a pillow, lumbar support cushion or nap cushion.Size: 10 cm, 20 cm, 15 cm, 30 cm, very suitable for children who like anime games, cute and lightweight.Material: Nanachi plush toys are made of high quality plush, they are very soft and comfortable, they are easy to clean, safe and sturdy, will not cause any harm to the human body.We will also remember these adorable Aranara If you are a big fan of games, you should buy it! 49 Extra 2 off with coins 35 sold 5 9cm Genshin Impact Yae Miko Anime Figure Genshin Impact Yae. We explored Sumeru with Aranara, and finally, in battle with Marana, Arama sacrificed himself for us. Genshin Impact Chibigurumi Plushies Announced. Design: inspired by the famous game character Aranara/Fungus/Yae Miko.To learn more about how and for what purposes Amazon uses personal information (such as Amazon Store order history), please visit our Privacy Notice. You can change your choices at any time by visiting Cookie Preferences, as described in the Cookie Notice. Click ‘Customise Cookies’ to decline these cookies, make more detailed choices, or learn more. We are really grateful to everyone who is supporting us on this journey SPECIFICATIONS:- Material: Polyester Size: 30cm, 40cm, & 60cm Variation: Available in 1 Variation Item Type: Plush 4 GREAT REASONS TO BUY FROM US: Over 10,000+ Happy Travelers. Third parties use cookies for their purposes of displaying and measuring personalised ads, generating audience insights, and developing and improving products. Thank you so much for choosing us to purchase your Genshin Merch. This includes using first- and third-party cookies, which store or access standard device information such as a unique identifier. Material: This yae miko plush toy is filled with 100 high quality PP cotton, very soft. If you agree, we’ll also use cookies to complement your shopping experience across the Amazon stores as described in our Cookie Notice. Genshin Impact Plush - Yae Genshin Impact Plush, Yae Miko Plushie Genshin, Handmade Yae Cat Plushie, Stuffed Yea Miku Plushie, Friend Gift (27) Sale Price 31.49 31. We also use these cookies to understand how customers use our services (for example, by measuring site visits) so we can make improvements. We use cookies and similar tools that are necessary to enable you to make purchases, to enhance your shopping experiences and to provide our services, as detailed in our Cookie Notice. On the morning of November 5, 2003, Kristi Fries, an employee at Maverick Metal Stamping, an auto parts supplier now closed in Mancelona, Michigan, reached to remove a part from a 110-ton stamping press. Example: There are things that insurance money cannot change, such as serious injury, disability and death, as well as OSHA fines, lawsuits and damage to a company’s reputation. Although no one claimed that the closing was connected to the fatality, it’s easy to connect the dots.ĭon’t treat insurance as a substitute for risk control. In 2014, the on-the-job death of an employee resulted in an OSHA investigation, and the company was fined $558,000 for violations. This is likely what was happening at Grand Rapids Plastics, which closed its doors in 2016 after its largest customer, Fiat Chrysler, canceled its contract. Another example is allowing workers to bypass lockout/tagout procedures to save time. Example: Using a grinder wearing safety glasses but not the face shield seems reasonable until the grinder wheel explodes in your face. The good news is that it had a $5 million umbrella, so the bank was willing to lend it the money.Ĭonsider the likelihood of upcoming events and their potential impact. During this time the business was expanding and needed bank financing. Fortunately my client won in court and nothing was paid, but the case took two years to settle. I’m often asked: “How much umbrella liability insurance is enough?” I tell the story of a client who had a visitor to his office slip and fall. Example: An umbrella is relatively inexpensive compared to the potential cost of a large lawsuit, even one without merit, because it may affect the company’s ability to borrow money to expand. There are things that insurance money cannot change, such as serious injury, disability and death, as well as OSHA fines, lawsuits and damage to a company’s reputation.ĭon’t risk a lot for a little. It looks like we agents have a lot of work to do. Despite this scary number, roughly seven out of 10 businesses don’t carry EPLI. According to the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, over 84,000 employment practices actions were filed in 2017. Example: If your business cannot afford a $100,000 loss, then going without employment practices liability insurance is a bad decision. As part of the course, I was required to memorize the six rules of risk management, which was wise advice.ĭon’t retain more than you can afford to lose. It was one of the best things I ever did, because it helped me go beyond the traditional discussion about insurance coverage, which is to start with cost prevention (safety, wellness), then cost containment (work comp claims management, health care case management) and finally insurance. Several years ago I earned the Certified Risk Manager designation from The National Alliance for Insurance Education & Research. We identify baseline glycated hemoglobin level, body mass index, and fasting blood glucose as three key factors among 18 biomarkers to differentiate treatment assignments, and demonstrate a successful control of the risk of hypoglycemia in both the training and testing data set.īenefit Risk Analysis Hypoglycemia Machine Learning Neyman-Pearson Lemma Personalized Medicine.Risk Management THE RULES OF RISK MANAGEMENT Design and build a risk management process around these six rules Lastly, we apply our method to a randomized trial of type 2 diabetes patients to guide optimal utilization of the first line insulin treatments based on individual patient characteristics while controlling for the rate of hypoglycemia events. We conduct extensive simulation studies to show satisfactory risk control when maximizing the clinical benefit. We present algorithms that can be easily implemented by any off-the-shelf quadratic programming package. We derive the theoretical optimal treatment rule under the risk constraint and draw an analogy to the Neyman-Pearson lemma to prove the theorem. In this work, we propose two approaches to identify personalized optimal treatment strategy that maximizes clinical benefit under a constraint on the average risk. Thus, to guide individualized clinical decision making and deliver optimal tailored treatments, maximizing clinical benefit should be considered in the context of controlling for potential risk. An "optimal" treatment that maximizes clinical benefit for a patient may also lead to concern of safety due to a high risk of adverse events. Pharmacotherapy may exhibit distinct efficacy and safety profiles for different patient populations. Individualized medical decision making is often complex due to patient treatment response heterogeneity. Enthusiasts were able “crack up” their Bonomo Turkish Taffy once again, as they still do today. In 2002 a New Yorker named Kenny Wiesen acquired the brand, resurrected Herman’s formula, and reintroduced it at the 2010 National Confectionery Association show, using the original package and graphics. When the company was sold in 1972 the new owners reformulated the taffy to be “soft and chewy” (i.e., uncrackable.) It failed miserably and eventually disappeared, but passionate memories of the original remained. Promoted in print, radio and TV, Bonomo Turkish Taffy became a national brand. The first interactive candy was born! Banana, Chocolate and Strawberry flavors were added to the original Vanilla, and the packaging was upgraded to foil. Soon individual servings were wrapped in wax paper with advice for customers to “crack it up” themselves. Woolworth Company to display Turkish Taffy in large blocks, from which pieces were broken off with a ball-peen hammer. Their Coney Island home featured a candy factory on the ground floor! They first sold Turkish Taffy out of baskets on the Boardwalk. The Bonomos were synonymous with Coney, selling candy and ice cream to beach-goers from pushcarts. Schwartz & Sons, along with Herman’s taffy. Instead of throwing it out, he continued to experiment with the stuff, and came up with something he called “Turkish Taffy” (nobody knows why he chose that name.) In 1936 the Bonomo Family of Coney Island bought M. Schwartz & Sons and mistakenly added too many egg whites. He was whipping up a batch of marshmallow for candy maker M. When they purchased the Charms Candy Company in 1988 and added Charms Blow Pops to their Tootsie Pop line, they became the largest lollipop manufacturer in the world.Īnother toothsome treat is Bonomo’s Turkish Taffy, invented by Austrian-born New Yorker Herman Herer. Today they are produced in Chicago by a family-run business, Tootsie Roll Industries, which does half a billion dollars a year in sales. Old time Soho residents still remember the chocolatey aroma in their neighborhood emanating from the Tootsie Roll factory on West Broadway, which later became luxury condos named “The Chocolate Factory.” Tootsies were made in New York City until 1967. World War II rations included the non-melting Tootsie Rolls soldiers returned with a taste for them and sales soared. Tootsie Rolls were invented by Brooklyn candy store owner Leo Hirschfeld in 1896, who received patents for the process of boiling and stretching sugar that gives Tootsie Rolls their unique “chew.” He named his new candy after his daughter Clara, whose nickname was Tootsie (“Clara Rolls” didn’t sound as appetizing.) Leo’s creation were the first penny candies to be individually wrapped. So let’s enjoy the stories behind many of New York’s most famous confections and their creators, most of whom were in Brooklyn (Yeah, Brooklyn!) Later, we’ll get to the history of candy-making in the city, and visit some modern sweet shops and chocolatiers to sample today’s delectable offerings. By 1903, The New York Times declared that New York was “the pre-eminent candy city of the world, with more establishments engaged in its manufacture than any other city on earth.” In no other place could so many candies (and candy millionaires) be made. As the country’s premier shipping hub, small family-run confectioners expanded quickly, establishing national brands which are still favorites today. It was also the largest manufacturing metropolis in America many candy-making methods and equipment were invented in the Big Apple, as well as innovations in packaging and advertising. Why? First of all, for centuries NYC was the world’s largest sugar producer, attracting confectioners like bees to honey. Yet some of America’s (and the world’s) favorite sweets were created and produced in the city. We don’t associate New York City with candy like we do with hot dogs and bagels. |